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In Africa, ogni anno, oltre 5 milioni di persone cercano un nuovo alloggio nelle periferie delle città. Spesso la popolazione delle baraccopoli è sottostimata. Privi di titoli di proprietà legali, gli abitanti sono costretti a una dipendenza quasi feudale dai politici e burocrati locali.
In Africa
Il tasso di crescita degli insediamenti urbani precari e marginali, inoltre, a volte è superiore al 25% annuo. Ogni anno, oltre 5 milioni di africani cercano una nuova sistemazione nelle periferie delle città. La grande maggioranza della nuova popolazione urbana sembra destinata a sopravvivere nella totale incertezza, nella precarietà, nella ricerca (priva di opportunità reali) di un miglioramento delle proprie condizioni di vita, ai margini del "grande miraggio" rappresentato dalla città moderna.
Scriveva Peter C. W Gutkind, autorità mondiale nel campo dell'antropologia urbana, scomparso nel 2001: «Le città dell'Africa sono, per la maggior parte, nuove. La loro nascita è frutto della colonizzazione che ha modellato la struttura urbana su modelli non africani, che favorivano un modo di vita completamente differente ed estraneo alla realtà locale». Il resto lo hanno fatto l'incuria verso le zone rurali (mancanza di investimenti e di sostegno all'economia familiare e di politiche mirate alla protezione dei suoli) e l'assenza d'investimenti nell'edilizia popolare nelle città.
Il primo fattore, ovvero la mancanza di progetti tesi a proteggere le aree rurali, causa la fuga dai villaggi e determina la scelta di cercare altrove un luogo dove soddisfare i bisogni che la vita nei villaggi non è in grado di soddisfare. Questa ricerca si concentra nella sola alternativa possibile: la città. Così, la presenza di un sistema urbano inarticolato implica e favorisce la concentrazione di popolazione in pochissimi centri (uno o due), che devono accogliere flussi rilevanti di gente.
Crescita senza città
È una
Gli effetti di queste contraddizioni sono evidenti nell'espansione delle città. Si tratta di spazi complessi, in cui sono presenti molti dei contrasti che caratterizzano la vita del pianeta. Si tratta di città divise da numerosi confini, il cui semplice attraversamento produce il senso di passaggio da una frontiera all'altra. Ma sono frontiere non semplicemente fisiche: per entrare negli slum si passa dalla "frontiera della paura", mentre per accedere ai quartieri ricchi si attraversa il "confine del benessere".
Le città così frammentate, invece di essere il luogo dell'incontro e dell'integrazione tra gruppi sociali diversi per livello economico, cultura e provenienza, si trasformano in una sorta di arcipelago costituito da molte isole (island), segnate dalla qualità delle loro costruzioni, dalla presenza (o mancanza) di infrastrutture e servizi, dalle maggiori o minori condizioni di sicurezza.
Ovviamente, le isole comunicano, i loro abitanti intrecciano rapporti, e una chiave di entrata da un'isola all'altra è la convenienza economica, 'capace d'istituire relazioni e gradi di comunicazione. Ai ricchi serve la manodopera che costa poco e i poveri hanno bisogno di lavorare. Nascono, così, gli scambi, i subappalti, la fornitura di servizi, il commercio negli slum di prodotti industriali. Protagonista di questo flusso è il settore informale dell'economia, capace di generare posti di lavoro, reddito e capacità di risparmio per la maggioranza degli abitanti degli insediamenti informali.
Le island vivono fianco a fianco e, nella quotidianità, a volte si confondono. Ma presentano aspetti fortemente contrastanti: ci sono island city ("città-isola") ricche, del Primo mondo, e altre povere, del Terzo mondo. Da un punto di vista estetico, il moderno grattacielo e la baracca sono i simboli di città-arcipelago, come Nairobi, Johannesburg e Rio de Janeiro.
Le island city vivono su due livelli. Una parte "sta in alto", legata economicamente con il resto del mondo, perché la tecnologia che sostiene la rete globale permette di lavorare e comunicare via etere. Questa parte dell'arcipelago sta al di sopra dell'altra e, spesso, comunica di più in senso orizzontale (con le lontane città di pari grado) che non verticalmente (con il resto della città stessa). La parte povera dell'arcipelago, invece, è fortemente attaccata alla terra, perché lotta ogni giorno per appartenere a quella terra, sia occupando le strade con i lavori informali, sia costruendo la propria casa, generalmente piccola, almeno all'inizio, per poter essere edificata nel minor tempo possibile.
Nell'Africa subsahariana, in America Latina, in Medio Oriente e in alcune regioni dell'Asia, l'urbanizzazione senza crescita è anche il risultato di una congiuntura mondiale specifica - la crisi del debito della fine degli anni Settanta e la ristrutturazione delle economie in via di sviluppo sotto l'egida del Fondo monetario internazionale (Fmi) negli anni Ottanta - più che l'esito di non si sa quale legge coercitiva del progresso tecnologico.
L'esplosione delle bidonville è stata analizzata dal rapporto del 2003 delle Nazioni Unite, The Challenge of Slums ("La sfida delle baraccopoli"). Il testo, primo vero studio su scala mondiale sulla povertà urbana, comprende intelligentemente diverse inchieste locali, da Abidjan a Sydney, e statistiche globali che includono, per la prima volta, la Cina e i paesi dell'ex blocco sovietico. Il rapporto lancia un avvertimento sulla minaccia planetaria della povertà urbana. Gli autori definiscono le bidonville come spazi caratterizzati da: sovrappopolamento, abitato precario o informale, ridotto accesso all'acqua corrente e ai servizi igienici, vaga definizione dei diritti di proprietà.
Si tratta di una definizione pluridimensionale e, in parte, restrittiva, sulla base della quale si stima, comunque, che la popolazione delle baraccopoli ammontava nel 2001 ad almeno 921 milioni di persone. Oggi gli abitanti di questi agglomerati rappresentano il 78,2% della popolazione urbana dei paesi meno sviluppati e un sesto dei cittadini del pianeta. Se si considera la struttura demografica della maggior parte delle città del Terzo mondo, almeno metà di questa popolazione ha un'età inferiore ai vent'anni.
Il tasso più alto di abitanti di baraccopoli è registrato in Etiopia e in Ciad (99,4% della popolazione urbana).
Seguono Afghanistan (98,5%) e Nepal (92%). Tuttavia, le popolazioni urbane più nella miseria sono certamente quelle di Maputo (Mozambico) e Kinshasa (Rd Congo), dove il reddito di due terzi degli abitanti è inferiore al minimo vitale giornaliero. A New Delhi, gli urbanisti deplorano l'esistenza di «baraccopoli all'interno di baraccopoli»: negli spazi periferici, alla storica classe povera della città espulsa alla metà degli anni Settanta si aggiungono nuovi arrivi, che colonizzano gli ultimi interstizi liberi. Al Cairo (Egitto), i nuovi arrivati occupano e affittano parti di abitazioni sui tetti, generando nuove bidonville "sospese in aria".
La popolazione delle baraccopoli è spesso sottostimata, talvolta in grandi proporzioni. Alla fine degli anni Ottanta, per esempio, Bangkok (Thailandia) aveva un tasso "ufficiale" di povertà solo del 5%, mentre alcuni studi dimostravano che un quarto della popolazione (1,16 milioni di persone) viveva nelle bidonville e in abitazioni di fortuna.
Esistono oltre 250mila baraccopoli nel mondo. Le cinque grandi metropoli dell'Asia del sud (Karachi, Bombay, Delhi, Calcutta e Dacca) ospitano quasi 15mila zone urbane tipo bidonville, per una popolazione totale di oltre 20 milioni di persone. Gli abitanti delle baraccopoli sono ancora più numerosi nella costa dell'Africa Occidentale, mentre immense conurbazioni di povertà si estendono verso l'Anatolia e gli altopiani dell'Etiopia, coinvolgono le zone ai piedi delle Ande e dell'Himalaya, proliferano all'ombra dei grattacieli di Città del Messico, Johannesburg (Sudafrica), Manila (Filippine), Sào Paulo (Brasile) e colonizzano lè rive del Rio delle Amazzoni, del Congo, del Ni-ger, del Nilo, del Tigri, del Gange, dell'Ir-rawaddy e del Mekong.
I nomi del "pianeta-bidonville" sono tutti intercambiabili e, allo stesso tempo, unici nel loro genere: bustees a Calcutta, chawl e zopadpatti a Bombay, katchi abadi a Karachi, kampung a Giacarta, iskwater a Manila, shammasa a Khartoum, umjondo-lo a Durban, intra-muros a Rabat, bidonville a Abidjan, baladi al Cairo, gecekondou ad Ankara, conventillos a Quito, favelas in Brasile, villas miseria a Buenos Aires e colonias populares a Città del Messico.
Un recente studio, pubblicato dalla Harvard Law Review, stima che l'85% degli abitanti delle città del Terzo mondo non possiede alcun titolo di proprietà legale. È all'opera una contraddizione stridente, perché il terreno dove crescono gli slum è di proprietà dei governi, mentre le case costruite sono di proprietà di pochi che impongono affitti salati ai poveri urbani, i quali non possiedono neppure la baracca in cui vivono.
Forme di insediamento
I modi

L'offerta d'infrastrutture, al contrario, è lontana dai ritmi di urbanizzazione, e le baraccopoli spesso non hanno alcun accesso all'igiene e ai servizi del settore pubblico. Eppure, nonostante siano luoghi che si definiscono in termini di assenza - ciò che non hanno dice ciò che sono -, gli slum raggiungeranno i 2 miliardi di abitanti nel 2030, perché rappresentano l'unica soluzione abitativa per l'umanità in eccesso del 21° secolo.
Le baraccopoli potrebbero trasformarsi in vulcani pronti a esplodere? E gli abitanti trasformarsi in soggetto politico capace di "fare storia"? Molto dipenderà dalla capacità di sviluppare una cultura di organizzazione collettiva, anche se, come spiegava Kapushinski, «i poveri, di solito, stanno zitti. La miseria non piange, non ha voce. La miseria soffre, ma soffre in silenzio. La miseria non si ribella. Infatti, i poveri insorgono solo quando pensano di poter cambiare qualcosa».
Sapremo essere parte di questo cambiamento?
Articolo tratto da Korogocho.org
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